We Were Warned About Terra LUNA

Prior to the great Terra LUNA meltdown of May 2022, there were warning signs to investors. This came from some notable crypto experts. The main problem was not about the team or developers. They actually have a solid project team with great ideas. It was more about the design of the stablecoin that worried critics. Terra developed an algorithmic stablecoin called UST (Terra USD) that has no actual commodity or asset backing its value. Instead it relies on minting tokens that peg its value to the US Dollar (USD).

In order to meet its peg to the USD, users must purchase Terra’s main coin called LUNA. UST is minted by burning LUNA, and users can hold UST in a DeFi protocol called Anchor to earn yields on interest up to ~20% (has fallen to 18% as of writing). It is a high earning interest rate that attracted investors to flock to UST. This includes many crypto influencers who also urged their followers to put their UST on the Anchor protocol and earn money.

The second problem with this system, is the sustainability of the Anchor protocol in being able to pay users the interest on their deposited UST. It turns out there were liquidity problems that exposed the protocol before. It was back in May 2021, during the cryptocurrency market crash that UST fell to as low as $0.96. That means a deposit of $1,000 would go down to $960 (a loss of $40) not including any yield on interest. This happened once again in May 2022, and this time the price of UST has gone well below the May 2021 mark. As of posting the value of UST was $0.1101 (Coinmarketcap). If you had deposited $1,000, the value will go down to $110.10 or about 90% of your money’s value was lost.

In order to return the peg back to $1, UST needs to be burned to mint more LUNA. During the meltdown that was what happened, but it hyper-inflated the supply of LUNA in the open market pumping into the trillions. This led to a drastic fall in LUNA prices as a “bank run” started with users dumping their UST. The Luna Foundation Guard (LFG) then stepped in by selling reserves in Bitcoin (and other assets supposedly) to try to mitigate the free fall of UST. It just was not enough because more users were selling off their UST than holding. On the Anchor protocol, the UST locked value fell from $14 Billion to under $5 Billion (and still falling as of writing).

Investment and crypto analyst Lyn Alden was one of the experts who warned about Terra’s UST. In a report from Daily HODL:

“Unlike a crypto-collateralized stablecoin, there is no specific threshold where UST breaks. However, if LUNA gets small relative to UST, the probability of an algorithmic bank run increases… Many of them would liquidate their BTC for cash since their positioning at the time was meant to be a stablecoin.”

The fall of UST did affect Bitcoin prices, as the LFG had to sell off its reserves in BTC. The worst case scenario seems to have played out because it dragged several assets to the downside (UST, LUNA, ANC and Bitcoin). The LFG reserves would not be enough to cover restoring the peg to USD unfortunately.

She also cites some worries about the Anchor protocol:

“Then there’s the unsustainable Anchor yield timebomb. The time bomb is not about how well-managed the yield decline will be. It’s about what happens to UST demand structurally, when the primary demand driver (artificially high Anchor yields) no longer exists.”

In other words, Anchor did not appear to have the money to cover the interest payments. The payments would be coming from money borrowed using the protocol. However, there were more lenders than borrowers, so there was no balance. The yields were so high it could not be sustainable to pay in the long run.

Another warning about Terra LUNA came from Kevin Zhou of Galois Capital. He was one of the critics to sound the alarm and warned the public. Zhou told Coindesk:

“Even if it happened in slow motion, even if it was something like a bank walk, it was more about this thing not being solvent.”

Solvency was indeed an issue. To quote Zhou, “mechanism was flawed, and it didn’t play out as expected.”

There is also a crypto YouTube channel Coinsider that reported about the risk with Terra LUNA and UST. You can check the video which was made back in March 18, 2022 prior to the meltdown. The analysis was spot on and very informative. It may have also helped some people make the right decision of not investing in LUNA/UST or using the Anchor protocol.

What happened to Terra was catastrophic, and probably the worst if not one of the worst collapses in crypto history. Many people have lost money in the Anchor protocol with their UST deposits, while holders of LUNA now have a worthless (under $1) coin that once was valued at over $100 per coin. Regulators are aware of this problem and they could now begin to apply regulations that require money earning protocols to register or comply with financial rules for consumer protection.

The lesson from all this is to be careful when depositing your money into a DeFi protocol. Anchor was not the first protocol to fail like this. Iron Finance had their own meltdown that should have been another warning sign about high interest protocols. It was even endorsed by public personalities, making it more attractive to users which makes it even more problematic. The problem exposed in these systems is that during extreme market volatility, the algorithmic stablecoins were not able to keep the peg to USD. There was nothing the protocol can do when you have a bank run.

Sometimes when it sounds too good to be true (e.g. high interest on deposits), it probably is. It can be risky when big money is involved. Research the project thoroughly and listen to both sides to get a better understanding of the risks involved, and not just the benefits.

Disclaimer: This is opinion and not financial advice. The information provided is for reference and educational purposes only. Always DYOR to verify information.

Cross-Chain Swaps Using The Symbiosis Protocol

One of the main problems in DeFi (Decentralized Finance) is the seamless swapping of tokens. If a user wants to exchange one token for another, they can only do so if the wallet or exchange supports it with a token pairing. The issue here is that not all tokens are swappable with each other. You will need to find a token pair first, to make an intermediate exchange before you can swap for the token you need.

This is because there are many types of blockchains used by tokens and they are not all compatible with each other. The most liquid tokens are the easiest to pair because they have the most liquidity. When you want to swap from a lesser known token for another token, if it does not have a supported pair to swap, you will need to swap it first with a more liquid token.

Swapping tokens can be frustrating with so many processes involved
(Photo Credit:Andrea Piacquadio)

For example, let’s say you have a token called X and you want to swap it for Z. You realize that you cannot swap them directly with each other. Token Z does not have a pairing with X, so you will have to swap it with another token first. You then decide to swap with token Y, which is paired with both X and Z. You will need to exchange X for Y, and then you can swap Y for Z. That is the best way to convert tokens, but it can also be more time consuming and cost more in terms of transaction fees.

It would be so much easier if things can take place on the backend. If a user can just send their order to swap X for Z, without having to perform any other intermediate step, it would save time and money. It would also be more convenient when it comes to user experience.

Symbiosis provides a solution to swapping tokens across different blockchains. It is a liquidity protocol that integrates the features of a multi-chain AMM (Automated Market Maker) and DEX (Decentralized Exchange). It is like a decentralized version of a digital exchange (e.g. Binance, Coinbase) that functions as an AMM (e.g. Uniswap).

With Symbiosis, users can swap any token across different blockchains with no additional software required. This provides interoperability between token swaps. As an AMM, it automates the order book system for unlimited token pairs with the best exchange rates offered. As a DEX, swapping of tokens is direct without requiring a trusted third-party like a payment processor or intermediary.

**Swapping allows the exchange of one token for another.**

The process of swapping tokens from Symbiosis is called a cross-chain swap. This allows tokens to be traded across dissimilar blockchains without requiring the authorization from another exchange to process the transaction. Think of it as an open system that facilitates the flow of transactions. The tokens can also be on blockchains that are either EVM (Ethereum Virtual Machine) or non-EVM compatible. In order to get the best prices for swaps, Symbiosis routes transactions to other AMM DEXes like Uniswap or PancakeSwap. This allows for better price discovery by exploring the best options. Users also don’t have to pay different gas fees across blockchains since the protocol abstracts it into a single transaction fee.

An important benefit of Symbiosis is that it also addresses some issues that can occur during swaps. These are slippage and impermanent loss. A slippage occurs when there is a divergence in the price of the token from the time it was ordered and the fulfillment of an order. This can lead to what is called an impermanent loss. If the price recovers, then the loss is only temporary. However, if the price of a token does not recover right away and it is used for another transaction the loss becomes permanent. To address this, Symbiosis uses liquidity pools that includes stablecoins to offset market volatility with little to no slippage.

Swaps are just one of the many features of Symbiosis, which users will find very useful. It provides a much simpler solution for moving liquidity across multiple chains without experiencing fragmentation due to the many interfaces and processes involved. Current systems make swapping more difficult to the average user. What Symbiosis offers is a one-stop-shop solution for swapping different types of cryptocurrencies with less difficulty.

Disclosure: This article was written for #SymbiosisDeFined. This is not in any way financial advice, but for educational purposes only. DYOR always to verify the information.

First Published At Publish0x (3/23/22)

Ethereum Reaches A New Milestone As It Prepares For ETH 2.0

There have been plenty of great developments in the Ethereum blockchain. This has been good for its native currency ETH (Ether) and has restored confidence in holders toward the end of the first quarter of 2022. This has led to a rally in ETH price to above the $3K level, starting in March 22. Some analysts take this as an ominous sign that ETH has turned bullish once again, but what is really the motivation behind it?

Toward the end of 2021, Ethereum developers released the Kintsugi Merge test network. This is a more realistic approach to testing how the Ethereum network will be like post-merge (i.e. when the Beacon Chain merges with the mainnet). This allows developers to test the features of the network in an environment that supports PoS (Proof-of-Stake). This is where smart contracts can be tested without any additional costs to developers.

Ethereum developers have also released the Kiln public test network in March of 2022. This is the final test network before the transition to PoS. This is where developers can test their applications and tools before deploying on the mainnet. Node operators and stakers can also test on Kiln, to evaluate the performance on a simulated blockchain.

Toward the end of March 2022, the number of ETH 2.0 validators has reached 300,000+ with over $28 Billion TVL (Total Value Locked). That is based on the valuation of ETH (~$2900-$3,000 circa March 1, 2022). The total amount of ETH locked (requires 32 per validator) has reached 9.6 Million ETH. At the price of ETH in March 28, 2022 at $3,300.62 (10:46 PM EST), the total value locked would be $31.6 Billion. The value of ETH increases with the market, and any surge also brings up the TVL for the validators.

Ethereum is receiving not just retail support, but institutional as well. Macro guru Raoul Pal has become more bullish on his outlook of Ethereum. He believes it is on track to outperform Bitcoin based on its performance. Pal is looking at long term metrics that show that the market Ethereum is capturing covers a much larger base than Bitcoin. This includes the derivatives and money markets, where billions of dollars are sitting. Should even a small percentage of the money flow into the DeFi space, where ETH is a major currency, it can create network effects that can further drive ETH value higher.

Other reports are coming that banks are positive on Ethereum. It seems banks like JP Morgan had at one time been very critical of cryptocurrency. The sentiment has changed, and they now invest in projects that involve cryptocurrency like Ethereum. Perhaps the recent developments in how Ethereum will become more energy efficient and how it is a platform that facilitates a decentralized financial system opens opportunity for capital investments.

The transition to a new consensus mechanism can greatly impact Ethereum network performance. A faster and more energy efficient system gives it a positive outlook compared to Bitcoin and other energy intensive cryptocurrency that use PoW (Proof-of-Work). The more important matter that investors are keeping an eye on is how the move to ETH 2.0 will improve the network’s overall performance. This attempts to solve the problems of scaling, which Ethereum competitors (e.g. Solana, Harmony, Avalanche) have already been addressing. A more stable network with the capability to process more transactions will be huge for Ethereum, and can establish it as a dominant platform for years to come.

IGOs – Crypto, Metaverse, DeFi and Gaming

Launchpads to crypto gaming platforms are gaining traction. The method they use for funding is called an IGO (Initital Game Offering) that are like the ICOs (Initital Coin Offerings) in crypto and an IPO (Initial Public Offering) in traditional finance. IGOs are based on cryptocurrency like NFTs (Non-Fungible Tokens), which are issued to represent unique digital assets. NFTs can represent content like art and collectibles, which encompasses the gaming industry. NFTs issued in gaming can be in-game rewards, loot boxes, prizes and game characters. These have unique traits that determines their value. NFTs also establish ownership of a digital asset via a blockchain.

IGOs help to fund new gaming projects using launchpads like Enjinstarter. One of the big reasons IGOs are becoming popular is the rise of the metaverse. This is not the same ‘metaverse’ that Big Tech companies like Facebook (i.e. Meta) are building. Though they intersect in some aspects like with shared virtual worlds (e.g. VR, AR), the crypto metaverse is decentralized and open. Big Tech’s metaverse are like silos with their own ecosystems, but they may connect to the crypto metaverse with regards to NFTs. Other than that, there are still differences with respect to their purpose.

The use of NFTs in the metaverse is a big factor in crypto gaming projects. Developers are not just building fancy virtual world games. They are adding value to it using cryptocurrency in the form of NFTs and gaming tokens. The NFTs are the unique items users collect from playing games. Their value is based on their uniqueness, and this adds value. This can be a unique armor or weapon that gives a gamer advantages or they can be special powers. In traditional gaming these objects are also available but not tokenized like NFTs. When it is in the form of an NFT, it can be traded or sold by the gamer.

Tokens are also another feature of crypto games. Using a Play-To-Earn model (e.g. Axie Infinity), players earn the tokens from playing the game. For example, if the player wins a round, they can earn tokens as a reward for their victory. These tokens can then be put to work in DeFi protocols to earn money. This brings another aspect that is not found in traditional games, so these are enticing users to try something new.

IGOs are for investors who want to jump into a project from the start. It is an opportunity to get into what might become the next big thing in gaming. These have the potential for huge ROI (Return On Investments), depending on the amount invested. There are risks involved since the project might fail, so potential investors should do their research before participating in an IGO. A good project is one that has a great idea, but also make sure that it has a credible team and reasonable tokenomics.

It is also important to check if the project follows regulatory compliance, otherwise there could be problems in the future. This is true if the launchpad is not fully decentralized, since regulators can come after the platform’s owners.

IGOs may only be relevant until new techniques for funding replace them. For example, ICOs were eventually replaced by STOs (Security Token Offerings) and IDOs (Initial DEX Offerings) due to regulatory concerns. Those who get in early are usually the ones who benefit the most from these projects. An IGO is a great opportunity worth exploring for investors interested in earning from the next generation of gaming.

Disclaimer: This is not financial advice. The information provided is for reference or educational purposes only. Please do your own research always to verify facts.

(Photo Banner Credit: JÉSHOOTS)

The Anchor Protocol For The Terra Network Blockchain

This article provides information about the Terra network and the Anchor Protocol. This will allow access to the Terra blockchain ecosystem, which provides users with access to DeFi (Decentralized Finance) applications.

Terra Blockchain

Anchor is a savings protocol offering low-volatile high yields on Terra stablecoin (UST) deposits. While banks are offering less than 0% interest on savings, Anchor offers between 19 – 20% APY. The Anchor protocol makes use of the Terra blockchain ecosystem to earn users higher yields on their deposits.

The protocol is decentralized. There are no required sign-ups other than access to a wallet. There are no minimum deposits, account freezes and users can immediately withdraw funds at any time.

Anchor also lets users borrow against their digital assets as the collateral. The borrower is issued Terra stablecoins based on an LTV (Loan-to-Value) ratio. The higher the LTV for borrowing against collateral, the higher the risk of liquidation if the borrower is not able to maintain the ratio. The good thing about it is that this provides liquid assets to users without losing their original assets. As long as they pay back what was issued, they can recover their collateral.

Users can also stake ANC tokens to earn more tokens. This can also be provided to liquidity pools for the ANC/UST token pairing. The protocol’s simplest earning product is a UST savings deposit, which can earn up to 20% APY.

Participants

The participants are the users of the Anchor protocol. There are 4 main types.

Lenders – Deposits Terra stablecoin UST for lending to earn % APR. In return they receive a token bond issued as aTerra. This is used to redeem the deposit along with accrued interest.
Borrowers – Deposits collateralized digital assets in the form of bonded assets or bAssets (e.g. bETH or bLUNA) in order to borrow money based on an LTV ratio. The borrowed money is against the borrower’s collateral and is in UST stablecoins.
Liquidators – Purchases liquidated collateral from bidding. When a lender is about to default or has reached the threshold LTV, the liquidation process allows for bids to liquidators.
Liquidity Providers – Provides liquidity to a pool for token pairing of UST/ANC. In return, liquidity providers earn from transaction fees made from the liquidity pool.

Tokens

There are 5 types of tokens involved in the Anchor protocol.

UST (USD Terra) – The Terra stablecoin that is pegged to the USD (US Dollar) in price.

– 1 UST = 1 USD

aTerra (Anchor Terra) – Represent the deposited UST stablecoins.

– Redeemable for initial deposit D and accrued interest i

aTerra = D + i

– To receive aTerra, a user must deposit their digital asset as bAssets.

The aTerra is then issued based on the LTV ratio.

bAssets (Bonded Assets) – The locked collateral

– Locks the value of assets from collateral

Bonded Luna (bLuna) – Token backed by Luna
– CW20 compliant for fungible tokens (ERC20 based)

– exchangeRate = lunaBonded / bLunaSupply

Bonded ETH (bETH) – Token backed by ETH
– CW20 and ERC20 standard

– ETHexchangeRate = stETHbalance / bETHSupply

Anchor (ANC) – Governance Token

– Allows token holders to participate in digital governance for policy making decisions and development of the protocol.

ANC-UST LP – Liquidity Pool (LP) token issued for users who provide ANC/UST token pair.

How to Earn From Anchor

There are 4 DeFi products that allow users to earn from Anchor.

Deposit UST to earn up to 20% APY (subject to change)
- Users deposit their UST to earn % interest APY.
- Users receive a bond of their deposit as aTerra.
- The longer the user keeps their deposit in savings, the more interest they can earn.
- Withdrawals can be made at any time.
Stake ANC and earn ANC
- Users stake their ANC governance tokens.
- There is a % APY of staking rewards given to ANC stakers.
- Rewards from staking are claimed when users unstake their ANC.
Provide liquidity for ANC/UST token pair, earn ANC
- Users provide equivalent amounts of ANC and UST for liquidity.
- Their pool contribution is issued as ANC-UST LP token.
- Users earn from transaction fees from the pool.
- The ANC-UST LP token is used to redeem the user’s earnings, when liquidity is removed by burning the LP tokens.
- Users receive the amount of the ANC and UST they provided along with the earnings, depending on the number of LP tokens burned.
Collateralize bLUNA or bETH to borrow UST and earn ANC
- Users provide digital assets (ETH or LUNA) as bonded assets for collateral.
- Users can borrow against their collateralized assets using an LTV ratio.
- Users can borrow until the loan’s LTV ratio reaches the MAX LTV, calculated based on collateral types, their prices, and deposit amount.
- Users can use the money they borrow to earn ANC.

Liquidation Contracts

The higher the LTV, the higher the risk of liquidation.
Manages collateral liquidations of loans at risk of under collateralization.
Used by liquidators to purchase liquidated collateral.

Synopsis

Anchor allows users to earn by allowing deposits of their UST for % APY.

They can also borrow for collateralized lending using bETH and bLUNA tokens.

Staking allows users to stake ANC tokens for yields and claim rewards.

Contribute to liquidity, allowing users to provide ANC-UST token pairs to a liquidity pool and earn from transaction fees.

Disclaimer: This is not financial advice. The information provided is for educational and reference purposes only. Do your own research always to verify facts.

VISA Gets Into NFT With CryptoPunks

VISA has announced the purchase of a CryptoPunk NFT (Non-Fungible Token) worth approximately $165,000 (~50 ETH this August 18, 2021). Perhaps the most unlikely thing you would expect VISA (the financial credit company) to invest in. VISA is apparently bullish on NFTs, or could this just be another signal to show they are “in the know” or “part of the gang”? CryptoPunk NFTs are original digital artwork made by Larva Labs. These are unique collectible characters that have verified ownership on the Ethereum blockchain. They are not physical objects at all, but purely digital. They look just like icons or emojis, not at all like the works of art you would see in a gallery.

This shows that VISA is getting in on the DeFi (Decentralized Finance) market with NFTs. According to their recent tweet:

“Over the last 60 years, Visa has built a collection of historic commerce artefacts—from early paper credit cards to the zip-zap machine. Today, as we enter a new era of NFT-commerce, Visa welcomes CryptoPunk #7610 to our collection”

NFTs like CryptoPunks, despite looking like mediocre art, hold plenty of value. A typical CryptoPunk can bid over $20,000 while the more in demand will bid in the millions of dollars. That shows that there is a big market for these collectibles and the buyers have plenty of money to spend. This is not your basic retail market where items cost a few dollars. This is a big money market, and it has attracted VISA’s attention.

What makes CryptoPunks desirable as a collectible is their uniqueness. A CryptoPunk character (i.e. Punks) is algorithmically generated by computer, not manually created by a human artist. There are also different types like Apes, Zombies and Aliens. Each CryptoPunk character has their own set of attributes and their metadata are recorded on the Ethereum blockchain. That also includes the proof of ownership to the holder of the NFT.

It seems like VISA will hold this NFT for the collection purposes. It will hold the CryptoPunk for historical records, perhaps to document a time when NFTs first emerged. This will surely be valuable in the future, whether NFT continue to become successful or not. Just owning a piece of history is valuable in itself, so VISA is going to look back on this as having a memento to that timeline. Overall the NFT market continues to grow. According to Forbes, the NFT market grew 1,785% In 2021. It is now the fastest growing sector in DeFi that is also gaining pop culture adoption and VISA is jumping on board.

Moving forward, it looks like VISA is also on the horizon ready to enter new partnerships and projects related to NFTs. As a payment processor, VISA can help bridge the traditional finance market with the DeFi space. That opens a world of opportunities for buyers, sellers and developers.

The Alonzo Hard Fork – The Road To Cardano Smart Contracts

The launch of the Alonzo hard fork signals the next stage in the Cardano roadmap. This provides the path to the Goguen phase, which introduces smart contracts to the network. This will take place in multiple phases represented by colors. The current phase is called Alonzo Blue, to be followed by Alonzo White and Alonzo Purple. What is coming are the feature for developing applications. Alonzo is the upgrade that will allow developers to build DApps (Decentralized Applications) that run on a secure and mathematically verifiable network.

According to the Cardano testnet site:

“The ‘Alonzo’ hard fork will bring exciting and highly-anticipated new capabilities to Cardano through the integration of Plutus scripts onto the blockchain. These will allow for the implementation of smart contracts in Cardano, enabling the deployment of a wide range of new DeFi applications for the first time.”

Cardano (ADA) has been criticized for its slow development pace. This has anxious investors waiting for the release of products built on top of the Cardano blockchain. The Cardano team are doing this with purpose to be able to release a peer reviewed system that is stable, secure and quality tested. That can only be possible by following the roadmap set by the developers. It begins with the foundation to build a core network that was introduced in the Byron phase. Next came the decentralization of the core network, which was the purpose of the Shelley phase. Now comes the ability for developers to build on top of the Cardano blockchain, like how developers use the Ethereum blockchain for smart contracts and DApps.

The smart contracts used in Cardano are written using the Plutus programming language. It is based on the functional programming language Haskell, which is used for reliable and mission critical application development (e.g. aerospace and defense software). The aim here is to provide a more stable code for smart contracts, which are critical in nature. That means a more sound way to execute DApps on the network, that minimizes logic errors and capable of scalability.

The Alonzo Blue phase will bring the testnet live by the end of May 2021. It will be open to a select group of partners and developers to test the codebase. The Alonzo White phase comes around July 2021 and will bring in more participants for testing. Alonzo Purple will then open up the testnet to the public. This is in preparation for opening the system up to other users to test the performance of Cardano smart contracts. With these developments, the smart contract platforms will get more competitive in the cryptocurrency markets. Ethereum and Binance Smart Chain (BSC) are going to see a new platform to compete with.

Unlike most projects, Cardano has a reputation for being slow. Founder Charles Hoskinson wants to take the slow tortoise approach to development, rather than giving too many updates right away. The team’s objective is to release quality controlled and tested software that is reliable and secure. They want to make sure they avoid many bugs and flaws that could compromise the system. Perhaps we can now see the fruits of their labor.

Bitcoin Wrapped In Ether – Yummy!

You can take two good things and combine them together to get the best of both. In LA’s streets you can get what some would consider one of the city’s iconic sandwiches. It is the hotdog wrapped in bacon. It brings you the meaty flavor of a hotdog with the greasy goodness of bacon. Now think about the top digital asset Bitcoin (BTC). What would you wrap it with if you were to compare it to a hotdog wrapped in bacon? How about Ether (ETH), the Ethereum blockchain’s token. BTC is your hotdog, while ETH is your bacon. It actually exists and it is called Wrapped Bitcoin (WBTC).

Wrapping one cryptocurrency with another uses the hotdog wrapped in bacon example as a simpler way to illustrate an analogy. Wrapping in this sense means to create a protocol to represent one cryptocurrency on another cryptocurrency’s blockchain. BTC can be represented on the Ethereum blockchain by issuing an ERC-20 token called WBTC. This allows BTC integration with smart contracts that can be traded on the Ethereum network using the ERC-20 standard.

In Wrapped Bitcoin, BTC is locked into a smart contract and issued as WBTC. This allows BTC holders to access DeFi systems on the Ethereum blockchain. It is as good in value as BTC which is verified by a Proof-of-Reserve system. This ensures a 1:1 peg between the issued or minted WBTC tokens and BTC. The actual BTC is still on the Bitcoin blockchain since you cannot store it on the Ethereum blockchain. The BTC is taken under the custody of the WBTC token issuer, so it is not directly with the WBTC token holder. It is maintained by a group called the WBTC DAO, who are the custodians of the BTC. The group’s members include blockchain-based organizations like BitGo, Ren and Kyber.

What is the purpose of WBTC?

As mentioned earlier, it is primarily for giving BTC holders a way to gain access to the DeFi markets. A large portion of the DeFi space uses the Ethereum blockchain and BTC is not directly compatible with it. It is a bridge that allows BTC holders to use DeFi protocols to provide liquidity or participate in other services that yield returns. WBTC is a way to bring the value from BTC into the DeFi space without having to convert BTC to ETH. BTC (as of 2020) has the largest cryptocurrency market cap and this is crucial in helping bring liquidity to the DeFi space as well as expanding on the collateral types available.

This is a great way for BTC holders to take part in the DeFi markets. Many BTC holders have plenty of value stored, but are not able to use it if they are HODLing. DeFi provides ways for cryptocurrency to earn even while HODLing, using decentralized protocols like Uniswap, Curve and Yearn. Most DeFi protocols will only support ERC-20 or ETH since they execute from smart contracts on the Ethereum blockchain. WBTC is a protocol that allows BTC to be wrapped in an Ethereum ERC-20 token. Holders would not need to convert their BTC to ETH during this process.

Minting WBTC

To enter the DeFi space, Bitcoin holders would have to deposit their BTC into a smart contract of a WBTC issuer (e.g. BitGo, Coinsquare, etc.). This can be a digital exchange or DEX (Decentralized Exchange) that accepts BTC. Once the BTC has been deposited, WBTC tokens are minted that have a 1:1 value to the BTC that was deposited. Once the holder receives their WBTC, they can now use it for loan collateral, providing liquidity and swapping for other tokens. Digital exchanges will most likely require a KYC (Know Your Customer) in compliance with the law before the WBTC can be issued. On a DEX or over-the-counter it is not required (check with the exchange requirements always). The WBTC can be cashed out to either BTC or ETH.

Another way to get WBTC is through a DEX like Uniswap. Instead of depositing BTC into a smart contract, anyone who holds ETH can purchase WBTC. It requires connecting a digital wallet like Metamask to perform the transaction with ETH. The WBTC is already available in the market and it does not require BTC for purchase in this case. Since WBTC is an ERC-20 token, it can be purchased with ETH very easily.

Other Uses For WBTC

WBTC can be put to use in DeFi yield farming protocols. This allows WBTC holders to put their digital asset for lending and trading purposes. In return, the WBTC holders earn yields as a their return on investment. These yields are fees collected from the transactions. Rewards can be issued in the form of governance tokens, which allow the holders to participate in digital governance through voting. This provides holders a way of participating in decisions that govern these protocols.

Yield farming requires the holders to deposit their WBTC. In return, they are issued another token. Examples of these tokens include SNX (Synthetix token), REN (Ren Project token) and BAL (Balancer token). The tokens are specific to which protocol is used by the yield provider. To learn more about yield farming, there is an article on Coindesk that explains it a little bit further. (Link here)

The Best Of Both

Wrapped Bitcoin brings the best of two blockchains. It is a way to interoperate between two digital assets at the protocol layer. The value of Bitcoin and the decentralized applications on Ethereum. BTC is the digital asset while ETH is the protocol that utilizes it for liquidity, trades and financing. The Ethereum blockchain is serving as a transaction layer that can bring more capital into diverse markets. Bitcoin can provide the capital, as institutional investment grows in the digital asset. WBTC provides a way for investors to bring capital for yielding returns using the Ethereum blockchain.

Disclaimer: This is not financial advice, just reference. Do your own research always to verify information.

Why Coin Burn Is Important In Tokenomics

The coin burn in cryptoeconomics, is a mechanism that reduces the total supply of tokens or coins. It forms a part of the tokenomic policies of a cryptocurrency. This is for preventing inflation in the ecosystem as a reasonable means to prevent the over supply of the tokens in circulation. It is much more common among coins or tokens that have a high circulating supply or no fixed supply. The amount of tokens in circulation is generally speaking, the total amount that is available to the public. The supply increases as a result of consensus activity that mints or mines more coins or generates new tokens.

There are 3 main reasons for a coin burn.

Minimizing inflation

The traditional non crypto-economic model allows centralized monetary authorities to regulate and control the supply of money. They can increase the money supply during times of low liquidity in order to boost the market. However, more money leads to inflation and that can affect the cost of goods and services as prices increase. More supply leads to more spending power, and thus that increases demand for public consumption. As a result, prices go up.

We have what is called the inflation rate that determines the price or value of any commodity or asset in the market. The problem with inflation is that it leads to ever increasing prices as simplified in this formula:

V = Inflated Value Of Asset
a = Current Value of Asset

r = Annual Rate of Inflation

t = Time period

V = a(1 + r) ^t

Thus an asset’s value increases over time as a result of a positive (+) inflation rate, which means its value was not determined by market forces but by a central authority. Interest rates tend to rise with inflation. It is a way the central bank encourages people to increase savings. Now this is a truly centralized approach that becomes a balancing act for the economy. Cryptocurreny will try not to have an inflationary model which is the primary purpose of the coin burn. With this model it gives more value for the holder and prices never drastically increase due to a central authority. Instead it follows a decentralized and market driven approach to keep the supply in check.

Fair token distribution

The fairness in token distribution is that the platform does not keep more supply than what should be sustainable for the ecosystem. The community is given the right to vote for a coin burn when it is announced on network during the process of digital governance. This allows token holders to decide whether it is in their community’s best interest. This uses a form of governance token that allow holders to cast their vote. Majority consensus will always win in the ecosystem.

The system can be effective in maintaining the price and rewarding loyal token holders. Thus the distribution of tokens is not manipulated by a single authority that decides over the rest of the token holders. When the decision goes to a vote, it benefits the greater community.

Incentive to holders

The coin burn incentivizes token holders by increasing its value. Let’s say we have the following scenario of a digital asset Y:

Total Supply = 100,000,000
Circulating Supply = 100,000,000

Market Cap = 1,000,000
Price of Y = 0.01

Assuming a user has 10,000 coins, they are valued at 10,000(0.010) = 100.

A coin burn takes place to reduce the circulating supply by 40,000,000.

Total Supply = 100,000,000
Circulating Supply = 60,000,000

Market Cap = 1,000,000
Price of Y = 0.0167

It cuts the circulating supply by 40%. This then changes the price of Y. Assuming a user has 10,000 coins, they are now valued at 10,000(0.0167) = 166.67. This is what creates what is called digital scarcity so that the value increases over time. The value this creates rewards the community for holding the tokens and encourages their participation.

Some networks have to do a balancing act on their token supply if they consider a coin burn. Tron (TRX) has issued their coin burn on what they call Independence Day. The project burned 1 billion TRX after switching over from the Ethereum mainnet to their own mainnet. This also burned the ERC20 tokens that were issued during Tron’s ICO. This was meant to control inflation of the TRX token itself, but increases its value in terms of fiat. Other projects that mint tokens back into circulating supply will have to coordinate coin burns to check their inflation (i.e. anti-inflationary measures). Overall, it should be consensus driven by the community and cannot be decided by the developers or majority token holders alone.

Ethereum 2.0 – The Path To Serenity

The Ethereum blockchain has undergone significant updates in preparation to a new version. The following software updates have been made since the project first started:

Frontier (July 2015)
Homestead (March 2016)
Metropolis (Byzantium in October 2017 and Constantinople in February 2019)
Istanbul (December 2019)

The next iteration is Eth2 or Ethereum 2.0 which will introduce the Serenity update. It is set to begin in late 2020 and deploy in phases. (Learn more at Ethereum.org)

It will change the Ethereum protocol, moving away from the Proof-of-Work (PoW) consensus mechanism to Proof-of-Stake (PoS). It will launch in multiple phases, as developers begin deploying the necessary changes to the Ethereum blockchain. The main purpose for this transition is to bring more efficiency and scalability to the network, to process more transactions and operate with more efficiency and stability. Scaling has long been a problem of blockchain-based networks, because they have to rely on decentralization which doesn’t process transactions as efficiently at the rate of commercial business applications. That is part of a tradeoff with scalability, since blockchains are more decentralized and secure.

Eth2 will still be decentralized, but improve their consensus mechanism from mining to staking. This will allow validators to contribute based on their proportion of ETH (ether) on the network rather than providing compute resources. There is no more need to solve random puzzles using hash power. Instead the staking method allows validators of blocks to commit a portion or all of their ETH to validate transactions. Their incentive will be based on the amount they staked. It is more energy efficient as well, not requiring expending large amounts of energy to produce one block. Eth2 randomly selects validators in a fair and decentralized manner.

At present, the Ethereum network can process between 15 to 30 tps (Transactions Per Second). With Eth2 it will increase the transaction velocity up to 100,000 tps. This would be possible (in theory) with the implementation of the Ethereum 2.0 upgrades. Even if in the real world it isn’t exactly 100,000 tps, a higher transaction velocity is still the best outcome. The underlying element to increase the number of transactions involves the use of shard chains (sharding will be explained later).

Among other changes to the network, the beacon chain and sharding will also be deployed as part of the EIP (Ethereum Improvement Proposals). Beacon chain is a feature that coordinates the PoS implementation on the Ethereum blockchain. Sharding aims to improve the storage of data on the network, to scale to higher capacity and faster access to data. Rather than to have all nodes on the network storing the blockchain state, shards are created to store system state in a distributed and decentralized manner for more efficient operations. If all nodes had to keep store of the world state of the blockchain, it certainly slows down the network since each node has to perform updates whenever there are changes. That can take plenty of time when you have many nodes.

The idea is to keep the network open to all who want to stake without barriers in order to maintain a decentralized network. Ethereum 2.0 will require 16,384 validators, which means a more decentralized and secure network. The more nodes there are, the more security to the network through coordinated participation of each node. This is because those who have staked their ETH face losing what they staked if they do not cooperate with other nodes or if they attempt to attack the network. It is a coordinated game theory example of contributing resources for the greater good. However, there are also consequences and not just incentives.

Despite all the efforts by developers, the project has been facing delays. This is not a major setback, but has been expected due to the complex nature of the system. It has been in development for years and it could still take longer to deploy and implement. It does keep the momentum for driving the value of ETH higher, along with the surge in the DeFi (Decentralized Finance) space which is based on Ethereum’s ERC20 token standard. As transaction volume increases and ETH gas costs decrease, the value of ETH would show a likely bullish trend. The market is so volatile though, nothing is certain. The transition to Ethereum 2.0 will be undergoing phases, so they won’t happen over night. It is best to keep an eye out on the developments, because any progress would surely be a good signal to the rest of the market.